CEAS EuroGNC 2026 Conference on Guidance, Navigation & Control>
Parallel Transport of a Velocity Frame for Point Mass 3-DOF Lifting Vehicle Modeling
Florian Dietrich  1, *@  , Ioannis Sarras  1@  
1 : DTIS, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Palaiseau]
ONERA, Université Paris-Saclay
* : Corresponding author

This paper proposes a new formulation for modeling 3-DOF lifting vehicles in Cartesian coordinates. We address the problem of describing the lift force as orthogonal to velocity vector of the vehicle, which is not well-defined in traditional models. In spherical coordinates there is a singularity in vertical flight whereas in Cartesian coordinates, using a reference direction to define the lift vector also introduces a singularity. The proposed approach consists of a moving frame carried along the trajectory by parallel transport, with its first axis remaining co-linear to the velocity vector. The other two vectors are orthogonal to the velocity vector at all time and are used to express the lift force in a well-defined manner. The advantages of this approach are illustrated in the simulation of a simplified vehicle performing a looping.


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