Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) is a region of orbital altitudes below 400 km. Satellite operations in these low altitudes offer many advantages for Earth observation and telecommunications applications. The VLEO region is characterised by strong atmospheric effects, presenting a challenge for Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS) design, which must cope with a dominant perturbation that is difficult to model and predict on-board with a high degree of accuracy. This paper presents an autonomous and robust AOCS design suitable for satellite operation in the lower VLEO region, below 200 km. First, a baseline mission concept is defined. Then, novel AOCS functionalities are described, such as the modulation of aerodynamic torques as the primary means of active spacecraft attitude control, and the use of air-breathing electric propulsion for orbit maintenance. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed AOCS design for VLEO operation.

