CEAS EuroGNC 2026 Conference on Guidance, Navigation & Control>
Evaluation of an Energy Management System for a Hybrid DC Microgrid Coupled to Ground-Generation Airborne Wind Energy
César Eduardo Perdomo Díaz  1@  , Gabriel Oñate  2@  , Pablo Flores Martín  1@  , Carolina Nicolás Martín  1@  , Osmany Pérez Ramón Aballe  3@  , David Santos-Martín  1@  
1 : Universidad Carlos III de Madrid [Madrid]
2 : Universidad Carlos III de Madrid [Madrid]
3 : Universidad de Moa

Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES) can access stronger, steadier high-altitude winds with
lower structural and economic requirements than conventional turbines, but their cyclic reel out-
/in operation produces highly dynamic power swings that complicate grid integration. This work
presents an Energy Management System (EMS) tailored for a ground-generation AWES hybrid mi-
crogrid and validates it under variable wind conditions to approximate real environmental dynam-
ics. The EMS implementation is achieved through a state-based controller in MATLAB/Simulink,
using Stateflow, that coordinates grid export, a supercapacitor bank, and a battery. A Software-
in-the-Loop (SiL) framework models power converters, hybrid electrical storage, and the electric
machine while injecting time-varying wind-driven AWES power profiles and prediction uncertainty.
Results show that, despite stochastic changes in cycle energy and intra-cycle fluctuations, the EMS
maintains DC-bus stability, smooths the power profile delivered to the grid, and minimizes battery
cycling by prioritizing supercapacitor action, thereby demonstrating robust operation and effective
control under realistic conditions. These findings indicate that variable-wind-aware EMS design is
key to dependable AWES integration in decentralized grids and provides a scalable pathway from
simulation toward laboratory and field deployment.


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